Journal section JURISPRUDENCE
Questions of criminal policy in the field of differentiation and individualization of responsibility for juvenile offenders (genesis of legislation, current state, international experience)
The subject of the research in the article are issues of criminal policy in the sphere of differentiation and individualization of responsibility of juvenile convicts. The author refers to the historical and legal aspects of the phenomenon under study, analyzes the current state of criminal policy in relation to minors and foreign experience in the legal regulation of their criminal liability. The purpose of the study is to give an objective description of the appropriate means of differentiation and individualization, to identify gaps and shortcomings in the regulatory framework and to formulate proposals for improving legislation in this area. In the author’s view there is indeed a decline in the number of reported crimes committed by persons under the age of 18. However this situation is most likely caused by unfavorable indicators in the socio-demographic environment of the younger generation. The results of the work were scientifically based evaliation of the work of domestic and foreign legislators (on the example of the Republic of Kazakhstan) on the regulation of juvenile responsibility in the criminal and penal codes.
Keywords: minors; convicts; juvenile court; differentiation; individualization; criminal policy.
-
Associate Professor of the Department of Criminal Law and
Criminology of the Vologda Institute of Law and Economics of the Federal Penal
Service of Russia, PhD. in law, Associate Professor
ORCID 0000-0003-1044-1697
, e-mail santashov@list.ru
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Polozhenie o vospitatel’no-ispravitel’nyh zavedeniyah dlya nesovershennoletnih : reprint. izd. – Code of institutions and
statutes on those held in custody. Statute of the exiles. Regulations on educational and correctional institutions for minors
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criminal law: the problems of the General Part : ed. by A. I. Ragog. Moscow, 2016. (In Russ.).
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[Differentiation of the execution of deprivation of liberty in relation to minors in correctional labor colonies of the RSFSR in
1970]. Vestn. in-ta: prestuplenie, nakazanie, ispravlenie – Bulletin of the Institute: crime, punishment, correction. 2012.
Iss. 3. P. 83–85. (In Russ.).
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differenciacii : avtoref. dis. ... kand. yurid. nauk [Execution of deprivation of liberty in respect of minors: issues of legislative
techniques and differentiation : the author’s abstract of the diss. ... PhD. in Law]. Kazan, 2006. (In Russ.).
18. Santashov A. L., Santashova L. L. Processual’nye garantii realizacii prav osuzhdennyh k lisheniyu svobody na razlichnyh
ehtapah peredachi dlya otbyvaniya nakazaniya v gosudarstvo ih grazhdanstva [Procedural guarantees for the realization of
the rights of prisoners sentenced to deprivation of liberty at various stages of transfer to serve their sentence in the state of
their citizenship]. Vestn. in-ta: prestuplenie, nakazanie, ispravlenie – Bulletin of the Institute: crime, punishment, correction.
2015. Iss. 2 (30). P. 48–52. (In Russ.).
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nachale XX veka : avtoref. dis. … d-ra bogosloviya [The practice of prison ministry of the Russian Orthodox Church in the
Russian Federation in the late XIX – early XX century : the author’s abstract of the diss. ... PhD. in Theology]. Moscow, 2014.
(In Russ.).
20. Sobranie uzakonenij i rasporyazhenij raboche-krest’yanskogo pravitel’stva RSFSR [Collection of legalizations and
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21. Sobranie uzakonenij i rasporyazhenij raboche-krest’yanskogo pravitel’stva RSFSR [Collection of legalizations and
orders of the workers and peasants government of the RSFSR]. 1922. № 15. Art. 153. (In Russ.).
22. Sobranie uzakonenij i rasporyazhenij raboche-krest’yanskogo pravitel’stva RSFSR [Collection of legalizations and
orders of the workers and peasants government of the RSFSR]. 1933. Iss. 48. Art. 208. (In Russ.).
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Russia. General part : textbook for universities : ed. by L. L. Kruglikov. Moscow, 2005. (In Russ.).
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27. Ugolovnoe ulozhenie ot 22 marta 1903 g. s motivami, izvlechennymi iz ob»yasnitel’noj zapiski redakcionnoj komissii,
Predstavleniya Ministerstva v Gosudarstvennyj Sovet i zhurnalov – osobogo soveshchaniya, osobogo prisutstviya
departamentov i obshchego sobraniya Gosudarstvennogo Soveta [The criminal code of March 22, 1903, with the motives
extracted from the explanatory note of the editorial commission, the submission of the Ministry to the State Council and the
magazines – a special meeting, a special presence of the departments and the general meeting of the State Council]. St.
Petersburg., 1904. (In Russ.).
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Petersburg, 1845. (In Russ.).
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2016 gg. [Form 4-USS «Information on the state of crime and the results of the investigation of crimes» for December
2009 – November 2016]. Availablе at: http://crimestat.ru/indicator_passport (accessed 07.08.2018). (In Russ.).
of specialized inter-district courts in cases of minors]. Availablе at: http://sud.gov.kz/sites/default/files/infografika_
prestupnost_rus.jpg (accessed 27.07.2017). (In Russ.).
2. Аносов А. В. Соучастие несовершеннолетних в преступлениях: особенности уголовной ответственности и предупреждения : автореф. дис. … канд. юрид. наук [Complicity of minors in crimes: the specifics of criminal liability and
warnings : the author’s abstract of the diss. ... PhD. in Law]. Moscow, 2016. (In Russ.).
3. Grabovskaya N. P. Prinuditel’nye mery vospitatel’nogo haraktera [Forced measures of educational character]. Kurs
covetskogo ugolovnogo prava (chast’ obshchaya) / otv. red. N. A. Belyaev, M. D. SHargorodskij – The course of Soviet
criminal law (general part) : ed. by N. A. Belyaev, M. D. Shargorodsky. Leningrad, 1970. Vol. 2. (In Russ.).
4. Doklady o rezul’tatah i osnovnyh napravleniyah deyatel’nosti Ministerstva vnutrennih del Rossijskoj Federacii v 2003–
2017 gg. [Reports on the results and main activities of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation in 2003–
2017]. Availablе at: https://md.rf/Deljatelnost/results/annual_reports (accessed 07.08.2018). (In Russ.).
5. Luneev V. V. Kriminologicheskie, viktimologicheskie i penitenciarnye problemy nesovershennoletnih [Criminological,
victimological and penitentiary problems of minors]. Vestn. in-ta: prestuplenie, nakazanie, ispravlenie – Bulletin of the
Institute: crime, punishment, correction. 2009. Iss. 8. P. 4–8. (In Russ.).
6. Mezhdunarodnye soglasheniya i rekomendacii, opredelyayushchie standarty obrashcheniya s pravonarushitelyami i
osnovnye napravleniya podgotovki personala ispravitel’nyh uchrezhdeniij : sb. dok. : v 3 ch. / sost. I. V. Slepcov [International
agreements and recommendations defining the standards for the treatment of offenders and the main directions of training
of correctional staff : collection of documents : in 3 parts : comp. I. V. Sleptsov. Kostanay, 2012. Part 1. (In Russ.).
7. Nauchno-teoreticheskaya model’ Obshchej chasti UIK RF / pod red. V. I. Seliverstova [Scientific-theoretical model of the
General part of the Penal Code of the Russian Federation : ed. by V. I. Seliverstov]. Moscow, 2016. (In Russ.).
8. O Koncepcii pravovoj politiki Respubliki Kazahstan na period s 2010 do 2020 goda : ukaz Prezidenta Resp. Kazahstan ot
24.08.2009 № 858 [On the Concept of the Legal Policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan for the Period from 2010 to 2020 :
Presidential Decree from 24.08.2009 No. 858]. Availablе at: http://sud.gov.kz/eng/content/o-koncepcii-pravovoy-politikirespubliki-kazahstan-na-period-s-2010-do-2020-goda (accessed 27.07.2017). (In Russ.).
9. O Koncepcii razvitiya ugolovno-ispolnitel’noj sistemy Rossijskoj Federacii do 2020 goda : rasporyazhenie Pravitel’stva
Ros. Federacii ot 14.10.2010 № 1772-r (red. ot 23.09.2015) [On the Concept of the Development of the Penitentiary
System of the Russian Federation until 2020 : Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation from 14.10.2010
No. 1772-r (in red. on 23.09.2015)]. Sobr. zakonodatel’stva Ros. Federacii – Collection of Legislation of the Russian
Federation. 2010. Iss. 43. Art. 5544. (In Russ.).
10. O pravah rebenka : zakon Respubliki Kazahstan ot 08.08.2002 № 345-II [On the Rights of the Child: Law of the Republic
of Kazakhstan from 08.08.2002 No. 345-II]. Availablе at: http://edu.resurs.kz/elegal/zakon-o-pravah-rebenka (accessed
27.07.2017). (In Russ.).
11. Ob uchrezhdenii priyutov i kolonij dlya nravstvennogo ispravleniya nesovershennoletnih prestupnikov : zakon ot
05.12.1866 [On the establishment of shelters and colonies for the moral correction of juvenile delinquents : the law from
05.12.1866]. Polnoe sobranie zakonodatel’stva – Full collection of legislation. St. Petersburg, 1867. T. XXXVI. Dep. 1.
Iss. 36251. (In Russ.).
12. Polozhenie o vospitatel’no-ispravitel’nyh zavedeniyah dlya nesovershennoletnih 1909 goda [Regulations on educational
institutions for minors in 1909]. Svod uchrezhdenij i ustavov o soderzhashchihsya pod strazheyu. Ustav o ssyl’nyh.
Polozhenie o vospitatel’no-ispravitel’nyh zavedeniyah dlya nesovershennoletnih : reprint. izd. – Code of institutions and
statutes on those held in custody. Statute of the exiles. Regulations on educational and correctional institutions for minors
: reprint edition. Vologda, 2002. (In Russ.).
13. Polozhenie o trudovyh koloniyah dlya nesovershennoletnih : utv. Ukazom Prezidiuma Verhovnogo Soveta SSSR ot
03.06.1968 [Regulations on labor colonies for minors : approved by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of
the USSR from 03.06.1968]. Vedomosti of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR – Journal of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.
1968. Iss. 23. Art. 189. (In Russ.).
14. Ponyatovskaya T. G. Osobennosti ugolovnoj otvetstvennosti nesovershennoletnih [The specifics of the criminal
responsibility of minors]. Kachestvo ugolovnogo zakona: problemy Obshchej chasti / otv. red. A. I. Rarog – The quality of
criminal law: the problems of the General Part : ed. by A. I. Ragog. Moscow, 2016. (In Russ.).
15. Rossijskoe zakonodatel’stvo X–XX vv. [Russian legislation of the X–XX centuries]. Moscow, 1986. Vol. 4. (In Russ.).
16. Santashov A. L. Differenciaciya ispolneniya lisheniya svobody v otnoshenii nesovershennoletnih v ITK RSFSR 1970 g.
[Differentiation of the execution of deprivation of liberty in relation to minors in correctional labor colonies of the RSFSR in
1970]. Vestn. in-ta: prestuplenie, nakazanie, ispravlenie – Bulletin of the Institute: crime, punishment, correction. 2012.
Iss. 3. P. 83–85. (In Russ.).
17. Santashov A. L. Ispolnenie lisheniya svobody v otnoshenii nesovershennoletnih: voprosy zakonodatel’noj tekhniki i
differenciacii : avtoref. dis. ... kand. yurid. nauk [Execution of deprivation of liberty in respect of minors: issues of legislative
techniques and differentiation : the author’s abstract of the diss. ... PhD. in Law]. Kazan, 2006. (In Russ.).
18. Santashov A. L., Santashova L. L. Processual’nye garantii realizacii prav osuzhdennyh k lisheniyu svobody na razlichnyh
ehtapah peredachi dlya otbyvaniya nakazaniya v gosudarstvo ih grazhdanstva [Procedural guarantees for the realization of
the rights of prisoners sentenced to deprivation of liberty at various stages of transfer to serve their sentence in the state of
their citizenship]. Vestn. in-ta: prestuplenie, nakazanie, ispravlenie – Bulletin of the Institute: crime, punishment, correction.
2015. Iss. 2 (30). P. 48–52. (In Russ.).
19. Skomaroh O. A. Praktika tyuremnogo sluzheniya Russkoj Pravoslavnoj Cerkvi v Rossijskoj Federacii v konce XIX –
nachale XX veka : avtoref. dis. … d-ra bogosloviya [The practice of prison ministry of the Russian Orthodox Church in the
Russian Federation in the late XIX – early XX century : the author’s abstract of the diss. ... PhD. in Theology]. Moscow, 2014.
(In Russ.).
20. Sobranie uzakonenij i rasporyazhenij raboche-krest’yanskogo pravitel’stva RSFSR [Collection of legalizations and
orders of the workers and peasants government of the RSFSR]. 1918. Iss. 16. (In Russ.).
21. Sobranie uzakonenij i rasporyazhenij raboche-krest’yanskogo pravitel’stva RSFSR [Collection of legalizations and
orders of the workers and peasants government of the RSFSR]. 1922. № 15. Art. 153. (In Russ.).
22. Sobranie uzakonenij i rasporyazhenij raboche-krest’yanskogo pravitel’stva RSFSR [Collection of legalizations and
orders of the workers and peasants government of the RSFSR]. 1933. Iss. 48. Art. 208. (In Russ.).
23. Sudebnaya sistema Respubliki Kazahstan. Mediaciya [Judicial system of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Mediation].
Availablе at: http://sud.gov.kz/rus/multimedia/infografika (accessed 27.07.2017). (In Russ.).
24. Tenchov EH. S. Ugolovnaya otvetstvennost’ nesovershennoletnih [Criminal responsibility of minors]. Criminal law of
Russia. General part : textbook for universities : ed. by L. L. Kruglikov. Moscow, 2005. (In Russ.).
25. Tihomirov M. N., Epifanov P. P. Sobornoe ulozhenie 1649 goda [The Cathedral Code of 1649]. Moscow, 1961. (In Russ.).
26. Ugolovnoe pravo. Obshchaya chast’ : ucheb. dlya vuzov / otv red. I. YA. Kozachenko, Z. A. Neznamova [Criminal law.
General part : textbook for universities : ed. by I. Ya. Kozachenko, Z. A. Neznamova]. Moscow, 2001. (In Russ.).
27. Ugolovnoe ulozhenie ot 22 marta 1903 g. s motivami, izvlechennymi iz ob»yasnitel’noj zapiski redakcionnoj komissii,
Predstavleniya Ministerstva v Gosudarstvennyj Sovet i zhurnalov – osobogo soveshchaniya, osobogo prisutstviya
departamentov i obshchego sobraniya Gosudarstvennogo Soveta [The criminal code of March 22, 1903, with the motives
extracted from the explanatory note of the editorial commission, the submission of the Ministry to the State Council and the
magazines – a special meeting, a special presence of the departments and the general meeting of the State Council]. St.
Petersburg., 1904. (In Russ.).
28. Ulozhenie o nakazaniyah ugolovnyh i ispravitel’nyh [Ordinance on the penalties of criminal and correctional]. St.
Petersburg, 1845. (In Russ.).
29. Forma 4-EGS «Svedeniya o sostoyanii prestupnosti i rezul’tatah rassledovaniya prestuplenij» za dekabr’ 2009 – noyabr’
2016 gg. [Form 4-USS «Information on the state of crime and the results of the investigation of crimes» for December
2009 – November 2016]. Availablе at: http://crimestat.ru/indicator_passport (accessed 07.08.2018). (In Russ.).
