Journal section JURISPRUDENCE
Evolution of the adversary (on the example of criminal proceedings)
Adversary in juridical science cannot be considered separately from the judicial system,
because the changes that took place in the judicial process had an irreversible impact on
the evolution of adversarial proceedings. This provision is proved in legal practice.
The evolution of competition in criminal proceedings is investigated in chronological
order, in historical retrospect.
At the beginning of statehood when democratic principles prevailed in society, trials
were based on adversarial principles, the court played the role of an impartial arbitrator,
and the outcome of the case was determined by the evidence collected by the plaintiffs
and defendants. In the process of strengthening of the state, the court has become
an active subject of judicial investigations and by the end of the XVII century the state
displaces the adversary system of trial, replacing it to prove the guilt of the accused of
the results of the investigation: torture, interrogations, etc. Only in the second half of the
XIX century in the proceedings returned adversary, but not for long. During the soviet
period previous achievements in the field of justice were eradicated. The restoration of
adversarial proceedings in legislation and judicial practice began in the early 1990s in
the process of judicial reform, which was carried out in order to improve the efficiency
of judicial proceedings. At present it is safe to say that the potential of the adversarial
principle has not yet been sufficiently disclosed.
Keywords: the adversarial principle; the justice; the state; legal act; the criminal procedure
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Associate Professor of the Department of State and Civil Law of the Vologda State University, PhD. in Law.
, e-mail petrakovasa@vogu35.ru
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zashchity sub»ektivnyh grazhdanskih prav : sb. nauch. tr. / pod red. V. V. Butneva. Vyp. 4 – Problems of protection of
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izlozheniya : ucheb. Posobie [History of domestic state and law. IX – the first half of the XIX century. Experience in problem
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proceedings as a form of implementation of the adversarial principle]. Problemy zashchity sub»ektivnyh grazhdanskih
prav : sb. nauch. tr. / pod red. V. V. Butneva. Vyp. 4 – Problems of protection of subjective civil rights : a collection of scientific
papers / ed. by V. V. Butnev. Iss. 4. Yaroslavl, 2003. Pp. 76–80. (In Russ.).
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centuries : in 9 vol. / ed. by A. G. Mankov]. Moscow, 1986. Vol. 4. (In Russ.).
8. Rossijskoe zakonodatel’stvo X–XX vekov : v 9 t. / pod red. O. I. CHistyakova [Russian legislation of the 10th–20th
centuries : in 9 vol. / ed. O. I. Chistyakov]. Moscow, 1986. Vol. 8. (In Russ.).
9. Ryabinina U. S., CHernikova Е. A. Problemy principa sostyazatel’nosti v ugolovnom processe [Problems of adversarial
principle in criminal proceedings]. Probely v ros. zakonodatel’stve – Gaps in Russian legislation. 2016. Iss. 7. Pp. 187–189.
(In Russ.).
10. Savickij V. M. K voprosu o sisteme principov sovetskogo ugolovnogo processa [On the issue of the system of principles
of the Soviet criminal procedure]. Sovet. gos-vo i pravo – Soviet state and law. 1950. Iss. 1. Pp. 50–51. (In Russ.).
11. Smirnov A. V. Reformy ugolovnoj yusticii konca XX veka i diskursivnaya sostyazatel’nost’ [Criminal Justice Reforms at
the End of the 20th Century and Discursive Competitiveness]. ZHurn. ros. prava – Journal of Russian Law. 2001. Iss. 12.
Pp. 145–155. (In Russ.).
12. Smirnov A. V. Sostyazatel’nyj process [Controversial process]. St. Petersburg, 2001. 320 p. (In Russ.).
13. Smirnov V. P. Protivoborstvo storon kak sushchnost’ principa sostyazatel’nosti ugolovnogo sudoproizvodstva
[Confrontation of the parties as the essence of the principle of adversarial criminal proceedings]. Gos-vo i pravo – State
and law. 1998. Iss. 3. Pp. 59–61. (In Russ.).
14. Strogovich M. S. O doznanii v predvaritel’nom sledstvii i o edinom sledstvennom apparate [On the inquiry in the
preliminary investigation and on a single investigative apparatus]. Socialist. Zakonnost’ – Socialist legality. 1957. Iss. 5.
Pp. 19–26. (In Russ.).
15. Trusov A. I. Osnovy teorii sudebnyh razbiratel’stv [Fundamentals of Litigation Theory]. Moscow, 1960. 139 p. (In Russ.).
16. CHel’cov M. A. O nedopustimosti pereneseniya burzhuaznyh konstrukcij v sovetskuyu ugolovno-processual’nuyu
teoriyu [On the inadmissibility of transferring bourgeois constructions to the Soviet criminal procedure theory]. Ученые
записки Всесоюз. юрид. заоч. ин-та – Scientific notes of the All-Union Law Correspondence Institute. 1958. Iss. 6.
Pp. 85–86. (In Russ.).
17. CHel’cov-Bebutov M. A. Kurs ugolovno-processual’nogo prava. Ocherki iz istorii suda i ugolovnogo processa v
rabovladel’cheskih, feodal’nyh i burzhuaznyh gosudarstvah [The course of criminal procedure. Essays from the history of
the court and the criminal process in the slave, feudal and bourgeois states]. St. Petersburg, 1995. 750 p. (In Russ.).
18. CHichkanov A. B. Princip sostyazatel’nosti i ravnopraviya storon v novom Ugolovno-processual’nom kodekse Rossijskoj
Federacii [The principle of competition and equality of the parties in the new Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian
Federation]. Pravovedenie – Jurisprudence. 2002. Iss. 2. Pp. 120–131. (In Russ.).
19. SHestakova S. D. Sostyazatel’nost’ ugolovnogo processa [Criminal Challenge]. St. Petersburg, 2001. 220 p. (In Russ.).
zashchity sub»ektivnyh grazhdanskih prav : sb. nauch. tr. / pod red. V. V. Butneva. Vyp. 4 – Problems of protection of
subjective civil rights : a collection of scientific papers / ed. by V. V. Butnev. Iss. 4. Yaroslavl, 2003. Pp. 50–54. (In Russ.).
2. Еgorov S. A. Istoriya otechestvennogo gosudarstva i prava. IX – pervaya polovina XIX veka. Opyt problemnogo
izlozheniya : ucheb. Posobie [History of domestic state and law. IX – the first half of the XIX century. Experience in problem
presentation : tutorial]. Yaroslavl, 2003. 204 p. (In Russ.).
3. Kudrina I. A. Dokazyvanie v grazhdanskom processe kak forma realizacii principa sostyazatel’nosti [Proving in civil
proceedings as a form of implementation of the adversarial principle]. Problemy zashchity sub»ektivnyh grazhdanskih
prav : sb. nauch. tr. / pod red. V. V. Butneva. Vyp. 4 – Problems of protection of subjective civil rights : a collection of scientific
papers / ed. by V. V. Butnev. Iss. 4. Yaroslavl, 2003. Pp. 76–80. (In Russ.).
4. Mukaseeva S. A. Princip sostyazatel’nosti v yuridicheskoj praktike : dis. … kand. yurid. nauk [The principle of competition
in legal practice : the diss. … PhD. in Law]. Yaroslavl, 2006. 190 p. (In Russ.).
5. Ob izmeneniyah i dopolneniyah Konstitucii (Osnovnogo zakona) Rossijskoj Federacii : zakon Ros. Federacii ot
09.12.1992 № 4061-I [On Amendments and Additions to the Constitution (Basic Law) of the Russian Federation : Law of
the Russian Federation from 09.12.1992 No. 4061-I]. Vedomosti S»ezda narod. deputatov Ros. Federacii i Verhov. Soveta
Ros. Federacii – Bulletin of the Congress of People’s Deputies of the Russian Federation and the Supreme Council of the
Russian Federation. 1993. Iss. 2. Art. 55. (In Russ.).
6. Pamyatniki russkogo prava / pod red. S. V. YUshkova. Vyp. 2 [Monuments of Russian law / ed. by S.V. Yushkov. Iss. 2].
Moscow, 1953. 632 p. (In Russ.).
7. Rossijskoe zakonodatel’stvo X–XX vekov : v 9 t. / pod red. A. G. Man’kova [Russian legislation of the 10th–20th
centuries : in 9 vol. / ed. by A. G. Mankov]. Moscow, 1986. Vol. 4. (In Russ.).
8. Rossijskoe zakonodatel’stvo X–XX vekov : v 9 t. / pod red. O. I. CHistyakova [Russian legislation of the 10th–20th
centuries : in 9 vol. / ed. O. I. Chistyakov]. Moscow, 1986. Vol. 8. (In Russ.).
9. Ryabinina U. S., CHernikova Е. A. Problemy principa sostyazatel’nosti v ugolovnom processe [Problems of adversarial
principle in criminal proceedings]. Probely v ros. zakonodatel’stve – Gaps in Russian legislation. 2016. Iss. 7. Pp. 187–189.
(In Russ.).
10. Savickij V. M. K voprosu o sisteme principov sovetskogo ugolovnogo processa [On the issue of the system of principles
of the Soviet criminal procedure]. Sovet. gos-vo i pravo – Soviet state and law. 1950. Iss. 1. Pp. 50–51. (In Russ.).
11. Smirnov A. V. Reformy ugolovnoj yusticii konca XX veka i diskursivnaya sostyazatel’nost’ [Criminal Justice Reforms at
the End of the 20th Century and Discursive Competitiveness]. ZHurn. ros. prava – Journal of Russian Law. 2001. Iss. 12.
Pp. 145–155. (In Russ.).
12. Smirnov A. V. Sostyazatel’nyj process [Controversial process]. St. Petersburg, 2001. 320 p. (In Russ.).
13. Smirnov V. P. Protivoborstvo storon kak sushchnost’ principa sostyazatel’nosti ugolovnogo sudoproizvodstva
[Confrontation of the parties as the essence of the principle of adversarial criminal proceedings]. Gos-vo i pravo – State
and law. 1998. Iss. 3. Pp. 59–61. (In Russ.).
14. Strogovich M. S. O doznanii v predvaritel’nom sledstvii i o edinom sledstvennom apparate [On the inquiry in the
preliminary investigation and on a single investigative apparatus]. Socialist. Zakonnost’ – Socialist legality. 1957. Iss. 5.
Pp. 19–26. (In Russ.).
15. Trusov A. I. Osnovy teorii sudebnyh razbiratel’stv [Fundamentals of Litigation Theory]. Moscow, 1960. 139 p. (In Russ.).
16. CHel’cov M. A. O nedopustimosti pereneseniya burzhuaznyh konstrukcij v sovetskuyu ugolovno-processual’nuyu
teoriyu [On the inadmissibility of transferring bourgeois constructions to the Soviet criminal procedure theory]. Ученые
записки Всесоюз. юрид. заоч. ин-та – Scientific notes of the All-Union Law Correspondence Institute. 1958. Iss. 6.
Pp. 85–86. (In Russ.).
17. CHel’cov-Bebutov M. A. Kurs ugolovno-processual’nogo prava. Ocherki iz istorii suda i ugolovnogo processa v
rabovladel’cheskih, feodal’nyh i burzhuaznyh gosudarstvah [The course of criminal procedure. Essays from the history of
the court and the criminal process in the slave, feudal and bourgeois states]. St. Petersburg, 1995. 750 p. (In Russ.).
18. CHichkanov A. B. Princip sostyazatel’nosti i ravnopraviya storon v novom Ugolovno-processual’nom kodekse Rossijskoj
Federacii [The principle of competition and equality of the parties in the new Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian
Federation]. Pravovedenie – Jurisprudence. 2002. Iss. 2. Pp. 120–131. (In Russ.).
19. SHestakova S. D. Sostyazatel’nost’ ugolovnogo processa [Criminal Challenge]. St. Petersburg, 2001. 220 p. (In Russ.).
