Journal section JURISPRUDENCE
Theoretical and applied problems of individualization of responsibility in criminal and criminal executive law
The subject of the research in this article was theoretical and applied issues of individualization of responsibility in criminal and penal law. The purpose of the work is to give an objective characterization of the concept, content, types and relevant regulatory bases of individualization of criminal liability as well as its differences from differentiation. In the work methods traditional for legal research were used: dialectic, induction and deduction, systemic, comparative legal. According to the authors opinion the individualization of responsibility in criminal law is the broader and more comprehensive concept, which includes all possible manifestations of individualization that are acceptable from the point of view of the criminal law: from refusal from criminal prosecution and exemption from criminal liability to various forms of individualization of criminal liability itself. The individualization of punishment and the individualization of other measures of a criminal law nature constitute the main content of the individualization of measures of a criminal law nature, that is all those measures through which responsibility in criminal law is predominantly realized. The results of the work became the concept of interdisciplinary individualization of responsibility in criminal and penal law that was scientifically substantiated by the authors in the text of the article.
Keywords: individualization of responsibility; differentiation of responsibility; individualization of sentence; the appointment and execution of sentences; convicts; criminal law; penal legislation
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Professor of the Department of Civil Law Disciplines of the Law Faculty of the Vologda Institute of Law and Economics of the Federal Penal Service of Russia, Dsc. in Law, Associate Professor.
ORCID 0000-0003-1044-1697
, e-mail santashov@list.ru
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Professor of the Department of Criminal Law
and Criminology of the Law Faculty of the Vologda Institute of
Law and Economics of the Federal Penal Service of Russia,
Dsc. in Law, Professor, Honored Scientist of the Russian
Federation, Academician of the International Academy
of Higher Education and the Russian Academy of Natural
Sciences.
, e-mail kruglikov@uniyar.ac.ru
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praktike. Diss. kand. yurid. nauk [Criteria for the individualization of criminal punishment in its appointment in theory, law
and judicial practice. Diss. PhD. in Law]. Kazan, 2017. 200 p. (In Russ.).
2. Vakarina E. A. Differenciaciya i individualizaciya nakazaniya i sredstv ih dostizheniya (ugolovno-pravovye i ugolovnoispolnitel’nye aspekty). Avtoref. diss. kand. yurid. nauk [Differentiation and individualization of punishment and the means
to achieve them (criminal law and penal aspects). Author’s abstract of the diss. PhD. in Law]. Krasnodar, 2001. 25 p. (In
Russ.).
3. Voronin V. N. Individualizaciya nakazaniya: ponyatie, kriterii, znachenie. Avtoref. diss. kand. yurid. nauk [Individualization
of punishment: concept, criteria, meaning. Author’s abstract of the diss. PhD. in Law]. Moscow, 2015. 26 p. (In Russ.).
4. Gadel’shin R. I. Ugolovno-ispolnitel’noe pravo [Penal Law]. Novosibirsk, 2015. 215 p. (In Russ.).
5. Gal’perin I. M. Differenciaciya ugolovnoj otvetstvennosti i effektivnost’ nakazaniya [Differentiation of criminal liability and
effectiveness of punishment]. Sovetskoe gosudarstvo i pravo – Soviet state and law, 1983, no. 3, pp. 70–71. (In Russ.).
6. Zvereva O. N. Realizaciya principa individualizacii nakazaniya pri ispolnenii lisheniya svobody. Avtoref. diss. kand. yurid.
nauk [Implementation of the principle of individualization of punishment in the execution of imprisonment. Author’s abstract
of the diss. PhD. in Law]. Ryazan, 2005. 25 p. (In Russ.).
7. Karpec I. I. Individualizaciya nakazaniya v sovetskom ugolovnom prave [Individualization of punishment in Soviet criminal
law]. Moscow, 1961. 152 p. (In Russ.).
8. Karpec I. I. Nakazanie. Social’nye, pravovye i kriminologicheskie problemy [Punishment. Social, legal and criminological
problems]. Moscow, 1983. 287 p. (In Russ.).
9. Kelina S. G. Nekotorye voprosy sovershenstvovaniya ugolovnogo zakonodatel’stva [Some issues of improving criminal
law]. Sovetskoe gosudarstvo i pravo – Soviet state and law, 1987, no. 5, pp. 71. (In Russ.).
10. Korobeev A. I. Sovetskaya ugolovno-pravovaya politika [Soviet criminal law policy]. Vladivostok, 1987. 267 p. (In Russ.).
11. Korobeev A. I., Uss A. V., Golik YU. V. Ugolovno-pravovaya politika: tendencii i perspektivy [Criminal Law Policy: Trends
and Prospects]. Krasnoyarsk, 1991. 211 p. (In Russ.).
12. Krasikov V. S. Klassifikaciya i razmeshchenie osuzhdennyh po vidam rezhimov ispravitel’nyh uchrezhdenij
[Classification and placement of convicts by type of regime of correctional institutions]. Materialy mezhdunarodnogo
nauchno-prakticheskogo seminara «Penitenciarnyj opyt Anglii i vozmozhnosti ego realizacii v ugolovno-ispolnitel’nom
zakonodatel’stve Rossii i Belorussii» [Materials of the international scientific-practical seminar «The prison experience of
England and the possibilities of its implementation in the penal legislation of Russia and Belarus»]. Ryazan, 2004, pp. 8–16.
(In Russ.).
13. Kruglikov L. L. Voprosy differenciacii otvetstvennosti v ugolovnom zakonodatel’stve [Issues of differentiation of
liability in criminal law]. Realizaciya principa spravedlivosti v pravoprimenitel’noj deyatel’nosti organov ugolovnoj yusticii
[Implementation of the principle of justice in the enforcement of criminal justice authorities]. Yaroslavl, 1992, pp. 58–66.
(In Russ.).
14. Kruglikov L. L. Differenciaciya i individualizaciya otvetstvennosti v ugolovnom prave [Differentiation and individualization
of responsibility in criminal law]. Yaroslavl, 2016. 97 p. (In Russ.).
15. Kruglikov L. L. Konkretizaciya ugolovno-pravovogo znacheniya obstoyatel’stv dela kak zakonodatel’nyj priem
[Specification of the criminal legal significance of the circumstances of the case as a legislative technique]. Problemy teorii
ugolovnogo prava [Problems of the theory of criminal law]. Yaroslavl, 1999, pp. 43–54. (In Russ.).
16. Lesnievski-Kostareva T. A. Differenciaciya ugolovnoj otvetstvennosti. Teoriya i zakonodatel’naya praktika [Differentiation
of criminal liability. Theory and legislative practice]. Moscow, 2000. 400 p. (In Russ.).
17. Mel’nikova YU. B. Differenciaciya otvetstvennosti i individualizaciya nakazaniya [Differentiation of responsibility and
individualization of punishment]. Krasnoyarsk, 1989. 120 p. (In Russ.).
18. Naumov A. V. Razvitie teoreticheskih nachal ugolovno-pravovoj nauki kak nasushchnaya ee zadacha [The development
of the theoretical principles of criminal law science as its urgent task]. Materialy XI Rossijskogo kongressa ugolovnogo prava
«Obespechenie nacional’noj bezopasnosti – prioritetnoe napravlenie ugolovno-pravovoj, kriminologicheskoj i ugolovnoispolnitel’noj politiki» [Materials of the XI Russian Congress of Criminal Law «Ensuring national security – a priority area of
criminal law, criminological and penal policy»]. Moscow, 2018, pp. 844–849. (In Russ.).
19. Nurmiev M. M. Zamena nakazaniya kak sredstvo ego individualizacii [Replacement of punishment as a means of
individualization]. Uchenye zapiski Kazanskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Tom 144. YUridicheskie nauki [Scientific
notes of Kazan State University. Vol. 144. Jurisprudence]. Kazan, 2003, pp. 591–595. (In Russ.).
20. Pavlov I. N. Princip differenciacii i individualizacii ispolneniya nakazanij v ugolovno-ispolnitel’nom prave. Avtoref. diss.
kand. yurid. nauk [The principle of differentiation and individualization of the execution of sentences in penal law. Author’s
abstract of the diss. PhD. in Law]. Ryazan, 2011. 26 p. (In Russ.).
21. Solov’ev A. D. Voprosy primeneniya nakazaniya po sovetskomu ugolovnomu pravu [Issues of the application of
punishment in Soviet criminal law]. Moscow, 1958. 203 p. (In Russ.).
22. Struchkov N. A. Ugolovnaya otvetstvennost’ i ee realizaciya v bor’be s prestupnost’yu [Criminal liability and its
implementation in the fight against crime]. Saratov, 1978. 288 p. (In Russ.).
23. Sundurov F. R. Nakazanie i al’ternativnye mery v ugolovnom prave [Punishment and alternative measures in criminal
law]. Kazan, 2005. 298 p. (In Russ.).
24. Sundurov F. R., Talan M. V. Nakazanie v ugolovnom prave [Punishment in criminal law]. Moscow, 2015. 256 p. (In Russ.).
25. Tarhanov I. A. YUridicheskaya priroda differenciacii otvetstvennosti v ugolovnom prave [Legal nature of the differentiation
of liability in criminal law]. Uchenye zapiski Kazanskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Tom 144. YUridicheskie nauki
[Scientific notes of Kazan State University. Vol. 144. Jurisprudence]. Kazan, 2003, pp. 298–307. (In Russ.).
26. Tarhanov I. A., Safin L. R. Individualizaciya otvetstvennosti v ugolovnom prave Rossijskoj Federacii (ponyatie,
soderzhanie i vidy) [Individualization of responsibility in the criminal law of the Russian Federation (concept, content and
types)]. Uchenye zapiski Kazanskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Tom 144. YUridicheskie nauki [Scientific notes of
Kazan State University. Vol. 144. Jurisprudence]. Kazan, 2003, pp. 307–318. (In Russ.).
27. Teplyashin P. V. Evropejskie penitenciarnye sistemy [European penal systems]. Moscow, 2018. 299 p. (In Russ.).
28. Tlustov V. Motivirovka nakazaniya v prigovore [Sentence motivation]. Sovetskaya yusticiya – Soviet justice, 1973, no. 6,
pp. 22–24. (In Russ.).
29. Seliverstov V. I. (red.) Ugolovno-ispolnitel’noe pravo Rossii [Penal law of Russia]. Moscow, 2013. 446 p. (In Russ.).
30. Haitzhanov A. Ugolovno-ispolnitel’noe pravo RF [Penal law of RF]. Penza, 2006. 148 p. (In Russ.).
31. CHubarev V. L. Individualizaciya nakazaniya (social’no-pravovoe issledovanie). Avtoref. diss. kand. yurid. nauk
[Individualization of punishment (social and legal research). Author’s abstract of the diss. PhD. in Law]. Moscow, 1977.
25 p. (In Russ.).
32. CHugaev A. P. Individualizaciya otvetstvennosti za prestupleniya i ee osobennosti po delam nesovershennoletnih
[Individualization of responsibility for crimes and its features in juvenile affairs]. Krasnodar, 1979. 96 p. (In Russ.).
33. CHugaev A. P. Osnovy differenciacii otvetstvennosti i individualizacii nakazaniya [Basics of differentiation of responsibility
and individualization of punishment]. Krasnodar, 1985. 74 p. (In Russ.).
34. SHahbanova H. M. Uchebnoe posobie (kurs lekcij) po discipline «Ugolovno-ispolnitel’noe pravo» dlya napravleniya
podgotovki «YUrisprudenciya», profilej «Ugolovnoe pravo», «Grazhdanskoe pravo» [Textbook (lecture course) in the
discipline of “Criminal Executive Law” for the direction of preparation of “Jurisprudence”, profiles of “Criminal Law”, “Civil
Law”]. Makhachkala, 2001. 99 p. (In Russ.).
35. SHnejder M. A. Sovetskoe ugolovnoe pravo. CHast’ Obshchaya [Soviet criminal law. Part General]. Moscow, 1955.
140 p. (In Russ.).
36. YAnchuk I. A. Voprosy differenciacii i individualizacii ispolneniya nakazaniya v ispravitel’nyh koloniyah obshchego rezhima
v otnoshenii osuzhdennyh zhenshchin. Avtoref. diss. kand. yurid. nauk [The issues of differentiation and individualization of
the execution of sentences in correctional colonies of the general regime in relation to convicted women. Author’s abstract
of the diss. PhD. in Law]. Moscow, 2009. 24 p. (In Russ.).
praktike. Diss. kand. yurid. nauk [Criteria for the individualization of criminal punishment in its appointment in theory, law
and judicial practice. Diss. PhD. in Law]. Kazan, 2017. 200 p. (In Russ.).
2. Vakarina E. A. Differenciaciya i individualizaciya nakazaniya i sredstv ih dostizheniya (ugolovno-pravovye i ugolovnoispolnitel’nye aspekty). Avtoref. diss. kand. yurid. nauk [Differentiation and individualization of punishment and the means
to achieve them (criminal law and penal aspects). Author’s abstract of the diss. PhD. in Law]. Krasnodar, 2001. 25 p. (In
Russ.).
3. Voronin V. N. Individualizaciya nakazaniya: ponyatie, kriterii, znachenie. Avtoref. diss. kand. yurid. nauk [Individualization
of punishment: concept, criteria, meaning. Author’s abstract of the diss. PhD. in Law]. Moscow, 2015. 26 p. (In Russ.).
4. Gadel’shin R. I. Ugolovno-ispolnitel’noe pravo [Penal Law]. Novosibirsk, 2015. 215 p. (In Russ.).
5. Gal’perin I. M. Differenciaciya ugolovnoj otvetstvennosti i effektivnost’ nakazaniya [Differentiation of criminal liability and
effectiveness of punishment]. Sovetskoe gosudarstvo i pravo – Soviet state and law, 1983, no. 3, pp. 70–71. (In Russ.).
6. Zvereva O. N. Realizaciya principa individualizacii nakazaniya pri ispolnenii lisheniya svobody. Avtoref. diss. kand. yurid.
nauk [Implementation of the principle of individualization of punishment in the execution of imprisonment. Author’s abstract
of the diss. PhD. in Law]. Ryazan, 2005. 25 p. (In Russ.).
7. Karpec I. I. Individualizaciya nakazaniya v sovetskom ugolovnom prave [Individualization of punishment in Soviet criminal
law]. Moscow, 1961. 152 p. (In Russ.).
8. Karpec I. I. Nakazanie. Social’nye, pravovye i kriminologicheskie problemy [Punishment. Social, legal and criminological
problems]. Moscow, 1983. 287 p. (In Russ.).
9. Kelina S. G. Nekotorye voprosy sovershenstvovaniya ugolovnogo zakonodatel’stva [Some issues of improving criminal
law]. Sovetskoe gosudarstvo i pravo – Soviet state and law, 1987, no. 5, pp. 71. (In Russ.).
10. Korobeev A. I. Sovetskaya ugolovno-pravovaya politika [Soviet criminal law policy]. Vladivostok, 1987. 267 p. (In Russ.).
11. Korobeev A. I., Uss A. V., Golik YU. V. Ugolovno-pravovaya politika: tendencii i perspektivy [Criminal Law Policy: Trends
and Prospects]. Krasnoyarsk, 1991. 211 p. (In Russ.).
12. Krasikov V. S. Klassifikaciya i razmeshchenie osuzhdennyh po vidam rezhimov ispravitel’nyh uchrezhdenij
[Classification and placement of convicts by type of regime of correctional institutions]. Materialy mezhdunarodnogo
nauchno-prakticheskogo seminara «Penitenciarnyj opyt Anglii i vozmozhnosti ego realizacii v ugolovno-ispolnitel’nom
zakonodatel’stve Rossii i Belorussii» [Materials of the international scientific-practical seminar «The prison experience of
England and the possibilities of its implementation in the penal legislation of Russia and Belarus»]. Ryazan, 2004, pp. 8–16.
(In Russ.).
13. Kruglikov L. L. Voprosy differenciacii otvetstvennosti v ugolovnom zakonodatel’stve [Issues of differentiation of
liability in criminal law]. Realizaciya principa spravedlivosti v pravoprimenitel’noj deyatel’nosti organov ugolovnoj yusticii
[Implementation of the principle of justice in the enforcement of criminal justice authorities]. Yaroslavl, 1992, pp. 58–66.
(In Russ.).
14. Kruglikov L. L. Differenciaciya i individualizaciya otvetstvennosti v ugolovnom prave [Differentiation and individualization
of responsibility in criminal law]. Yaroslavl, 2016. 97 p. (In Russ.).
15. Kruglikov L. L. Konkretizaciya ugolovno-pravovogo znacheniya obstoyatel’stv dela kak zakonodatel’nyj priem
[Specification of the criminal legal significance of the circumstances of the case as a legislative technique]. Problemy teorii
ugolovnogo prava [Problems of the theory of criminal law]. Yaroslavl, 1999, pp. 43–54. (In Russ.).
16. Lesnievski-Kostareva T. A. Differenciaciya ugolovnoj otvetstvennosti. Teoriya i zakonodatel’naya praktika [Differentiation
of criminal liability. Theory and legislative practice]. Moscow, 2000. 400 p. (In Russ.).
17. Mel’nikova YU. B. Differenciaciya otvetstvennosti i individualizaciya nakazaniya [Differentiation of responsibility and
individualization of punishment]. Krasnoyarsk, 1989. 120 p. (In Russ.).
18. Naumov A. V. Razvitie teoreticheskih nachal ugolovno-pravovoj nauki kak nasushchnaya ee zadacha [The development
of the theoretical principles of criminal law science as its urgent task]. Materialy XI Rossijskogo kongressa ugolovnogo prava
«Obespechenie nacional’noj bezopasnosti – prioritetnoe napravlenie ugolovno-pravovoj, kriminologicheskoj i ugolovnoispolnitel’noj politiki» [Materials of the XI Russian Congress of Criminal Law «Ensuring national security – a priority area of
criminal law, criminological and penal policy»]. Moscow, 2018, pp. 844–849. (In Russ.).
19. Nurmiev M. M. Zamena nakazaniya kak sredstvo ego individualizacii [Replacement of punishment as a means of
individualization]. Uchenye zapiski Kazanskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Tom 144. YUridicheskie nauki [Scientific
notes of Kazan State University. Vol. 144. Jurisprudence]. Kazan, 2003, pp. 591–595. (In Russ.).
20. Pavlov I. N. Princip differenciacii i individualizacii ispolneniya nakazanij v ugolovno-ispolnitel’nom prave. Avtoref. diss.
kand. yurid. nauk [The principle of differentiation and individualization of the execution of sentences in penal law. Author’s
abstract of the diss. PhD. in Law]. Ryazan, 2011. 26 p. (In Russ.).
21. Solov’ev A. D. Voprosy primeneniya nakazaniya po sovetskomu ugolovnomu pravu [Issues of the application of
punishment in Soviet criminal law]. Moscow, 1958. 203 p. (In Russ.).
22. Struchkov N. A. Ugolovnaya otvetstvennost’ i ee realizaciya v bor’be s prestupnost’yu [Criminal liability and its
implementation in the fight against crime]. Saratov, 1978. 288 p. (In Russ.).
23. Sundurov F. R. Nakazanie i al’ternativnye mery v ugolovnom prave [Punishment and alternative measures in criminal
law]. Kazan, 2005. 298 p. (In Russ.).
24. Sundurov F. R., Talan M. V. Nakazanie v ugolovnom prave [Punishment in criminal law]. Moscow, 2015. 256 p. (In Russ.).
25. Tarhanov I. A. YUridicheskaya priroda differenciacii otvetstvennosti v ugolovnom prave [Legal nature of the differentiation
of liability in criminal law]. Uchenye zapiski Kazanskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Tom 144. YUridicheskie nauki
[Scientific notes of Kazan State University. Vol. 144. Jurisprudence]. Kazan, 2003, pp. 298–307. (In Russ.).
26. Tarhanov I. A., Safin L. R. Individualizaciya otvetstvennosti v ugolovnom prave Rossijskoj Federacii (ponyatie,
soderzhanie i vidy) [Individualization of responsibility in the criminal law of the Russian Federation (concept, content and
types)]. Uchenye zapiski Kazanskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Tom 144. YUridicheskie nauki [Scientific notes of
Kazan State University. Vol. 144. Jurisprudence]. Kazan, 2003, pp. 307–318. (In Russ.).
27. Teplyashin P. V. Evropejskie penitenciarnye sistemy [European penal systems]. Moscow, 2018. 299 p. (In Russ.).
28. Tlustov V. Motivirovka nakazaniya v prigovore [Sentence motivation]. Sovetskaya yusticiya – Soviet justice, 1973, no. 6,
pp. 22–24. (In Russ.).
29. Seliverstov V. I. (red.) Ugolovno-ispolnitel’noe pravo Rossii [Penal law of Russia]. Moscow, 2013. 446 p. (In Russ.).
30. Haitzhanov A. Ugolovno-ispolnitel’noe pravo RF [Penal law of RF]. Penza, 2006. 148 p. (In Russ.).
31. CHubarev V. L. Individualizaciya nakazaniya (social’no-pravovoe issledovanie). Avtoref. diss. kand. yurid. nauk
[Individualization of punishment (social and legal research). Author’s abstract of the diss. PhD. in Law]. Moscow, 1977.
25 p. (In Russ.).
32. CHugaev A. P. Individualizaciya otvetstvennosti za prestupleniya i ee osobennosti po delam nesovershennoletnih
[Individualization of responsibility for crimes and its features in juvenile affairs]. Krasnodar, 1979. 96 p. (In Russ.).
33. CHugaev A. P. Osnovy differenciacii otvetstvennosti i individualizacii nakazaniya [Basics of differentiation of responsibility
and individualization of punishment]. Krasnodar, 1985. 74 p. (In Russ.).
34. SHahbanova H. M. Uchebnoe posobie (kurs lekcij) po discipline «Ugolovno-ispolnitel’noe pravo» dlya napravleniya
podgotovki «YUrisprudenciya», profilej «Ugolovnoe pravo», «Grazhdanskoe pravo» [Textbook (lecture course) in the
discipline of “Criminal Executive Law” for the direction of preparation of “Jurisprudence”, profiles of “Criminal Law”, “Civil
Law”]. Makhachkala, 2001. 99 p. (In Russ.).
35. SHnejder M. A. Sovetskoe ugolovnoe pravo. CHast’ Obshchaya [Soviet criminal law. Part General]. Moscow, 1955.
140 p. (In Russ.).
36. YAnchuk I. A. Voprosy differenciacii i individualizacii ispolneniya nakazaniya v ispravitel’nyh koloniyah obshchego rezhima
v otnoshenii osuzhdennyh zhenshchin. Avtoref. diss. kand. yurid. nauk [The issues of differentiation and individualization of
the execution of sentences in correctional colonies of the general regime in relation to convicted women. Author’s abstract
of the diss. PhD. in Law]. Moscow, 2009. 24 p. (In Russ.).
