Journal section JURISPRUDENCE
On the problem of artificial intelligence in criminal law
The article discusses the potential criminalization of criminal acts committed by or
with the participation of artificial intelligence. An assessment is given of the practice of
committing socially dangerous acts in this way. It is also interesting to analyze the current
state and development trends of artificial intelligence. The authors cite a number of
characteristic features that significantly distinguish it from the usual program as a means
of committing a crime. The opinion is expressed about the impossibility of recognizing
a legal personality as an artificial intelligence at the present stage due to the openness
of the question of the emotional sphere. At the same time a judgment is made about the
possible acquisition of the emotional sphere by artificial intelligence. According to the
authors of the article the emotional sphere in living beings depends on neurobiological
and biochemical processes and modeling of such processes as information technology
would contribute to the endowment of artificial intelligence with the emotional sphere.
Particular attention is paid to the issue of legal liability. An assessment of the increased
social danger of crimes committed using artificial intelligence is given, in connection with
which an extension of the list of aggravating circumstances provided for in Art. 63 of the
Criminal Code of the Russiam Federation, by indicating the use of a high-tech method. This
feature is also proposed to be used as qualifying in the articles of Ch. 28 of the Criminal
Code of the Russian Federation.
Keywords: artificial intelligence; criminal legal personality; legal responsibility; emotional sphere; criminal law impact; aggravating circumstance
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Professor of the Department of Criminal Law and Criminology of the Law Faculty of the Vologda Institute of Law and Economics of the Federal Penal Service of Russia, Dsc. in Law, Professor.
ORCID 0000-0003-2794-5074
, e-mail l_a_buka@mail.ru
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Senior Lecturer of the Department of Criminal Law and Criminology of the Law Faculty of the Vologda Institute of Law and Economics of the Federal Penal Service of Russia, Ph.D. in Law.
, e-mail tatianautorova@yandex.ru
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3rd year cadet of the Law Faculty of the Vologda Institute of Law and Economics of the Federal Penal Service of Russia.
, e-mail dima_sizov_99@mail.ru
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Russ.).
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(In Russ.).
ugolovnom prave Rossijskoj Federacii [The creation of artificial intelligence for the purpose of malicious use in the criminal
law of the Russian Federation]. Zakon i pravo – Law and right, 2019, no. 2, pp. 94–96. (In Russ.).
2. Butusova L. I. K voprosu o kiberprestupnosti v mezhdunarodnom prave [On the issue of cybercrime in international law].
Vestnik ekonomicheskoj bezopasnosti – Bulletin of Economic Security, 2016, no. 2, pp. 48–52. (In Russ.).
3. Geroi budushchego. Kak rabotaet iskusstvennyj intellekt [Heroes of the future. How Artificial Intelligence Works].
Available at: https://www.iphones.ru/iNotes/781064 (accessed 02.02.2020). (In Russ.).
4. Dumanskaya E. I. Biologicheskaya obuslovlennost’ individual’nogo prestupnogo povedeniya [Biological conditionality of
individual criminal behavior]. Vestnik YUzhno-Ural’skogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Seriya “Pravo” – Bulletin of the
South Ural State University. Series «Law», 2009, no. 20, pp. 45–48. (In Russ.).
5. Dumanskaya E. I. Motivaciya: problema neosoznavaemogo v prestupnom povedenii [Motivation: The Problem of
Unconscious Criminal Behavior]. Vestnik YUzhno-Ural’skogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Seriya “Pravo” – Bulletin of
the South Ural State University. Series “Law”, 2011, no. 28, pp. 47–50. (In Russ.).
6. Eshche odna nejroset’ – hudozhnik [Another neural network is an artist]. Available at: https://pikabu.ru/story/eshche_
odna_neyroset__khudozhnik_4161389 (accessed 02.02.2020). (In Russ.).
7. Iskusstvennyj intellekt Amper napisal muzyku dlya al’boma amerikanskoj pevicy [Artificial Intelligence Amper wrote music
for American singer’s album]. Available at: https://nplus1.ru/news/2017/08/23/taryn-feat-amper (accessed 02.02.2020). (In
Russ.).
8. Iskusstvennyj intellekt [Artificial Intelligence]. Available at: http://cyclowiki.org/wiki/Искусственный_интеллект (accessed
02.02.2020). (In Russ.).
9. Kak komp’yuter obmanul Kasparova [How the computer deceived Kasparov]. Available at: https://www.championat.
com/other/article-3259469-18-let-nazad-kasparov-proigral-deep-blue.html (accessed 21.07.2019). (In Russ.).
10. Kibal’nik A. G., Volosyuk P. V. Iskusstvennyj intellekt: voprosy ugolovno-pravovoj doktriny, ozhidayushchie otvetov
[Artificial Intelligence: Pending Criminal Doctrine Questions]. YUridicheskaya nauka i praktika: Vestnik Nizhegorodskoj
akademii MVD Rossii – Jurisprudence and practice: Bulletin of the Nizhny Novgorod Academy of the Ministry of Internal
Affairs of Russia, 2018, no. 4, pp. 173–178. (In Russ.).
11. Nejronnuyu set’ nauchili animirovat’ personazhej [Neural network taught to animate characters]. Available at: https://
www.mirf.ru/news/nejronnuyu-set-nauchili-animirovat-personazhej (accessed 02.02.2020). (In Russ.).
12. Nejroseti: chto eto takoe i kak rabotaet [Neural networks: what is it and how does it work]. Available at: https://www.
mirf.ru/science/kak-rabotayut-nejroseti (accessed 02.02.2020). (In Russ.).
13. Nejroset’ dopisala pyat’ glav knigi «Vetra zimy» za Dzhordzha Martina [The neural network has added five chapters of
the book “Winds of Winter” for George Martin]. Available at: https://www.mirf.ru/news/nejroset-dopisala-pyat-glav-knigivetra-zimy-za-dzhordzha-martina (accessed 02.02.2020). (In Russ.).
14. Nejroset’ pobedila dvuh pro-igrokov v Starcraft II [Neural Network defeats two pro players in Starcraft II]. Available at:
https://www.mirf.ru/news/nejroset-pobedila-dvuh-pro-igrokov-v-starcraft-ii (accessed 02.02.2020). (In Russ.).
15. Nomokonov V. A., Tropina T. L. Kiberprestupnost’ kak novaya kriminal’naya ugroza [Cybercrime as a new criminal
threat]. Kriminologiya: vchera, segodnya, zavtra – Criminology: yesterday, today, tomorrow, 2012, no. № 1 (24), pp. 45–
55. (In Russ.).
16. Projdakov E. M. Sovremennoe sostoyanie iskusstvennogo intellekta [The current state of artificial intelligence]. Trudy
INION RAN “Naukovedcheskie issledovaniya” [Proceedings of the ISISS RAS “Science Studies”], 2018, pp. 129–153. (In
Russ.).
17. Sbivshij zhenshchinu v SSHA bespilotnyj avtomobil’ Uber ne «uznal» v nej peshekhoda [Uber who shot down a woman
in the USA did not “recognize” a pedestrian in it]. Available at: https://ria.ru/20191106/1560639919.html (accessed
02.02.2020). (In Russ.).
18. Sozdan iskusstvennyj intellekt, raskryvayushchij prestupleniya [Created artificial intelligence revealing crimes]. Available
at: https://hinews.mediasole.ru/sozdan_iskusstvennyy_intellekt_raskryvayuschiy_prestupleniya (accessed 02.02.2020).
(In Russ.).
