Journal section JURISPRUDENCE
The Role of the Public in Prison Transformations of the 19th Century in Russia
Belyaeva L.I. The role of the public in prison transformations of the 19th century in Russia. Penitentiary Science, 2021, vol. 15, no. 1 (53), pp. 5–19. DOI 10.46741/2686-9764-2021-15-1-134-144
Introduction: the article examines the circumstances that promoted the activity of social forces of the 19th century in improving prison life and re-socialization of persons released from prison. The article describes the areas of public activity aimed at the transformation of prisons in the Russian Empire and the impact of this activity on the improvement of the execution of sentences in the form of imprisonment. We analyze the activities of the Guardianship Society for Prisons, Patronage Societies and other non-governmental structures. We assess the role of the public in the development of domestic legislation and law enforcement practice and analyze errors and omissions that occurred. Methods: the study is based on the axiological approach. Finding a solution to the research problem was facilitated by the use of general philosophical principles of dialectics and special methods of cognition: systematic, formal-legal, sociological, etc. Results: the ideas of the Age of Enlightenment contributed to the manifestation of social activity, in the public consciousness there emerged a thought about the necessity to abandon the cruelty of punishment. The organization of patronage is a necessary condition for the transformation of prisons. Discussion: it is noteworthy that in the works of different historical periods, we can find common views and negative assessments of the activities of non-governmental entities of the pre-revolutionary period associated with the prison department. Conclusions: the activity of the public in the field of transformation of correctional institutions cannot be considered faultless. However, the number of its critical assessments is so large that there is no need to increase it; anyway, this cannot change anything. From an axiological point of view, it is much more important to identify what is valuable for social practice: it stimulated the development of public initiative in addressing the issues related to punishment and its execution, the establishment of new public formations that aimed their activities at providing assistance to those released from prison, organizing the execution of sentences against minors, the removal of children of convicts from prisons and the establishment of shelters for them, etc
Keywords: Public; Enlightenment era; Guardianship Society for Prisons; patronage societies; societies for agricultural colonies and craft shelters; academic community; prison; prison transformations; prison reform; prisoners; rehabilitation; juvenile offenders; international congresses
-
профессор кафедры уголовно-исполнительного права ВИПЭ ФСИН России,
доктор юридических наук, профессор, заслуженный юрист Российской Федерации
ORCID 0000-0002-8245-2435
, e-mail beliaeva_055@mail.ru
1. Belyaeva L.I. Vospitanie nesovershennoletnikh pravonarushitelei v Rossii. V 3-kh ch. Ch.1. Uchrezhdeniya dlya
nesovershennoletnikh pravonarushitelei v Rossiiskoi imperii [Education of juvenile delinquents in Russia. In 3 parts. Part 1.
Institutions for juvenile delinquents in the Russian Empire]. Moscow: Izd. Moskovskogo psikhologo-sotsial’nogo instituta;
Voronezh: izd-vo NPO “MODEK”, 2007. 400 p.
2. Belyaeva L.I. Patronat v Rossii (XIX - nachalo XX v.) [Patronage in Russia (19th – early 20th century)]. Second edition,
revised and supplemented. Voronezh. Voronezhskii institut MVD Rossii. 2001. 137 p.
3. Belyaeva L.I. Stanovlenie i razvitie teorii i praktiki preduprezhdeniya pravonarushenii nesovershennoletnikh: monografiya
[Formation and development of the theory and practice of prevention of juvenile delinquency. A monograph]. Moscow:
Akademiya upravleniya Rossii. 2014. 390 p.
4. Borodina E.V. Conditions of confinement of Russian prisoners between the 2nd half of the 17th – 1st quarter of the 18th
centuries (with reference to Ural and Western Siberian prisons). Izvestiya UrFU. Seriya 2. Gumanitarnye nauki=Bulletin of
Ural Federal University. Series 2 The Humanities, 2016, vol. 18, no. 3 (154), pp. 215–230. (In Russ.).
5. Varadinov N.V. Prisons before the establishment of the Guardianship Society for Prisons in them. Vestnik
blagotvoritel’nosti=Bulletin of Charity, 1870, no. 2, pp. 31–44. (In Russ.).
6. Vsemirnaya istoriya. Srednie veka. Vozrozhdenie i reformatsiya. Epokha prosveshcheniya [World History. The Middle
Ages. Renaissance and Reformation. The Age of Enlightenment]. Moscow: Khorvest. 2013. 871 p.
7. Gernet M.N. Istoriya tsarskoi tyur’my. V 5 t. T. 1 [History of the Tsar’s prison. In 5 volumes. Volume 1]. Moscow:
Gosyurizdat, 1960. Pp. 281¬–287.
8. Gogel’ S.K. Kurs ugolovnoi politiki v svyazi s sotsiologiei [Course of criminal policy in connection with sociology]. Saint
Petersburg: Tip. A.G.Rozena, 1910. 505 p. P.192.
9. Gogel’ S.K. Rol’ obshchestva v dele bor’by s prestupnost’yu [The role of society in the fight against crime]. Saint
Petersburg: Tip.t -va “Obshchestvennaya pol’za”, 1906. 383 p.
10. Detkov M.G. Nakazanie v tsarskoi Rossii. Sistema ego ispolneniya. M-vo vnutrennikh del RF [Punishment in Tsarist
Russia. The system of its execution. Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation]. Moscow: Inform.-izd.agenstvo
“Interpravo”. 1994g. 119 p. Pp. 36–37.
11. Zabelin A. On the question of improving prisons. Russkii vestnik=Russian Bulletin, 1863, no. 3, pp. 353–356. (In Russ.).
12. Znamenskii N. Notes on the Prison Guardianship Committee. Tobol’skie gubernskie vedomosti=News of Tobolsk
Governorate, 1859, no. 35. (In Russ.).
13. Izvlechenie iz otcheta o polozhenii i deistviyakh Obshchestva popechitel’nogo o tyur’makh, podnesennogo Gosudaryu
imperatoru za 1851 god [Extract from the 1851 report on the situation and actions of the Guardianship Society for Prisons,
presented to the Emperor]. Saint Petersburg: Tip. Opekunskogo soveta, 1852. 17 p. P. 4.
14. Imperatorskoe Chelovekolyubivoe obshchestvo. Kratkii ocherk razvitiya i deyatel’nosti obshchestva [The Imperial
Humane Society. A brief outline of the development and activities of the Society]. Petrograd, 1915.
15. Instruktsiya smotritelyu gubernskogo tyuremnogo zamka 1831 g. [Instructions to the caretaker of the provincial prison
in 1831]. Perm: Tipografiya Gubernskogo pravleniya, 1882. 30 p.
16. Krainskii D.V. Materialy k issledovaniyu istorii russkikh tyurem v svyazi s istoriei uchrezhdeniya Obshchestva
popechitel’nogo o tyur’makh [Materials for the study of the history of Russian prisons in connection with the history of the
establishment of the Guardianship Society for Prisons]. Chernigov: Tip. gub zemstva, 1912. 156 p. Pp. 7–55. (In Russ.).
17. A brief essay on the prison system and measures in the field of prison affairs for 1905–1910. Zhurnal Ministerstva
yustitsii=Journal of the Ministry of Justice, 1910, no. 7, p. 204. (In Russ.).
18. Luchinskii N.F. Pravila patronata nad tyuremnymi vypushchennikami [Rules of patronage over the people released from
prison]. Saint Petersburg: Tip. Odinochnoi tyur’my, 1912. 43 p.
19. Luchinskii N.F. Prison patronage. Tyuremnyi vestnik=Prison Bulletin, 1913, no. 10, pp. 1646–1685. (In Russ.).
20. Lyublinskii P.I. Mezhdunarodnye penitentsiarnye kongressy. Mezhdunarodnye s»ezdy ugolovnogo prava za 10 let
[International penitentiary congresses. International congresses for criminal law for 10 years]. Petrograd, 1915. P. 362.
21. Malinin F.N. Rol’ obshchestva v bor’be s prestupnost’yu: (Tyuremnyi patronat) [The role of society in the fight against
crime: (Prison patronage)]. Issue 1. Saint Petersburg: Tipo-lit. Saint Petersburg: tyur’my, 1906. 72 p.18
Н А У Ч Н О - П Р А К Т И Ч Е С К И Й Ж У Р Н А Л
22. Malinin F.N. Rol’ obshchestva v bor’be s prestupnost’yu: (Tyuremnyi patronat) [The role of society in the fight against
crime: (Prison patronage)]. Issue 2. Saint Petersburg: Tipo-lit. Saint Petersburg: tyur’my, 1906. 132 p.
23. Materialy po voprosu o preobrazovanii tyuremnoi chasti v Rossii [Materials on the transformation of prisons in Russia].
Saint Petersburg: Tip. M-va vn. del, 1865. 668 p.
24. Mezhdunarodnyi soyuz kriminalistov. Russkaya gruppa. (1899–1902) [International Union of Criminalists. Russian
group. (1899–1902)]. Saint Petersburg: Senatskaya tip., 1902. 577 p.
25. Nikitin V.N. Tyur’ma i ssylka. Istoricheskoe, zakonodatel’noe, administrativnoe i bytovoe polozhenie zaklyuchennykh,
peresyl’nykh, ikh detei i osvobozhdennykh iz-pod strazhi so vremen vozniknoveniya russkoi tyur’my do nashikh dnei.
1560–1880 [Prison and exile. Historical, legislative, administrative and domestic situation of prisoners, transit prisoners,
their children and those released from custody from the time of the emergence of the Russian prison to the present day.
1560–1880]. Saint Petersburg: Tip. G. Shparvart. 1880. Pp. 6–90.
26. The Charter of the Society for the Protection of Persons Released from Prison (1908). Tyuremnyi vestnik=Prison
Bulletin, 1908, no. 10, pp. 657–666. (In Russ.).
27. On the formation of charitable societies for prisoners of Russia. Vologodskie gubernskie vedomosti=News of the
Vologda Governorate, 1858, no. 37, 38, 39, 40. (In Russ.).
28. Ob uchrezhdenii v S-Peterburge Obshchestva popechitel’nogo o tyur’makh [About the establishment of the
Guardianship Society for Prisons in Saint Petersburg]. Saint Petersburg: tip. N. Grecha, 1819. 52 p.
29. Obzor desyatiletnei deyatel’nosti Glavnogo Tyuremnogo upravleniya (1879–1889) [Review of the ten-year work of the
Main Prison Administration (1879–1889)]. Saint Petersburg, 1889. 115 p.
30. Obzor deyatel’nosti Vysochaishe utverzhdennogo popechitel’stva nad arestantami S-Peterburgskoi ispravitel’noi
tyur’my za odinnadtsat’ let (1871–1882 goda) [Review of the activities of the Most Highly approved guardianship of the
prisoners of Saint Petersburg Correctional Prison for eleven years (1871–1882)]. Saint Petersburg: Tip. M.A Khana, 1883.
137 p.
31. Report of the Kishinev society for the benefit of persons released from places of detention. Bessarabskie gubernskie
vedomosti=Bessarabian Governorate News, 1879, no. 21. (In Russ.).
32. Ocherk deyatel’nosti soveta Imperatorskogo Chelovekolyubivogo obshchestva za 100 let (1816–1916) [An essay on
the activities of the Council of the Imperial Humane Society for 100 years (1816-1916)]. Petrograd: Gos.tip., 1916. 209 p.
33. Poznyshev S.V. Ocherki tyur’movedeniya [Essays on prison studies]. Second edition, revised and supplemented.
Moscow: Izd. G.A. Lemana i B.D. Pletneva, 1915. 295 p.
34. Poznyshev S.V. Uchenie o karatel’nykh merakh i mere nakazaniya [The doctrine of punitive measures and the measure
of punishment]. Moscow: Tip. Russkogo tovarishchestva pechatnogo i izdatel’skogo dela, 1908. 181 p.
35. Politseiskii listok Taganrogskogo gradonachal’stva [Police leaflet of the Taganrog City Administration]. 1864. No. 15.
36. Polnoe sobranie zakonov Rossiiskoi Imperii [The complete collection of laws of the Russian Empire]. Collection 1.
In 45 volumes. Volume XXXVI. 1819. Saint Petersburg: Tip. II Otdeleniya Sobstvennoi Ego Imperatorskogo Velichestva
Kantselyarii, 1830. 734 p.
37. Polnoe sobranie zakonov Rossiiskoi Imperii [The complete collection of laws of the Russian Empire]. Collection 2. In 55
volumes. Volume XXVI. Section 2. 1851. Saint Petersburg: Tip. II Otdeleniya Sobstvennoi Ego Imperatorskogo Velichestva
Kantselyarii, 1852. 803 p.
38. Polnoe sobranie zakonov Rossiiskoi Imperii [The complete collection of laws of the Russian Empire]. Collection 3. In 33
volumes. Volume XIII. 1893. Saint Petersburg: Gosudarstvennaya tipografiya, 1897. 1382 p.
39. Polnoe sobranie zakonov Rossiiskoi Imperii [The complete collection of laws of the Russian Empire]. Collection 3. In 33
volumes. Volume XV. 1895. Saint Petersburg: Gosudarstvennaya tipografiya, 1899. 1542 p.
40. Polnoe sobranie zakonov Rossiiskoi Imperii [The complete collection of laws of the Russian Empire]. Collection 3. In 33
volumes. Volume XXIX. Section 1. 1909. Saint Petersburg: Gosudarstvennaya tipografiya, 1912. 1053 p.
41. Polnoe sobranie zakonov Rossiiskoi Imperii [The complete collection of laws of the Russian Empire]. Collection 3. In 33
volumes. Volume XXXII. Section 1. 1912. Saint Petersburg: Gosudarstvennaya tipografiya, 1915. 1819 p.
42. Reshetkin P.K. S-Peterburgskii damskii popechitel’nyi o tyur’makh komitet i arestantskie deti [St. Petersburg Ladies’
Committee for the Care of Prisons and Prison Children]. Saint Petersburg: tip. Shredera, 1883. 60 p. P.17, 40.
43. Salomon A.P. Tyuremnoe delo v Rossii [Prison-related activities in Russia]. Saint Petersburg: Tip. Saint Petersburg:
tyur’my, 1898. 38 p. Pp.13–14.
44. Collection of resolutions of the International Prison Congresses of London (1872), Stockholm (1878), Rome (1885) and
Saint Petersburg (1890). Tyuremnyi vestnik=Prison Bulletin, 1894, no. 5, pp. 246–247. (In Russ.).
45. Semenov P.N. Istoricheskie svedeniya o Zhenskom patrioticheskom obshchestve (1812–1896) [Historical information
about Women’s Patriotic Society (1812–1896)]. Saint Petersburg: Tip. E.A. Evdokimova, 1896. 34 p.
46. Sergeevskii N. Nakazanie v russkom prave XVII v. [Punishment in Russian law of the 17th century]. Saint Petersburg:
Izd. A.F. Tsinzerling, 1887. 300 p.
47. Tal’berg D. Istoricheskii ocherk tyuremnoi reformy i sovremennye sistemy evropeiskikh tyurem [A historical overeview
of prison reform and modern European prison systems]. Kiev: Tip. Kievskogo universiteta, 1875. 72 p.
48. Tal’berg D. Guardianship Society for Prisons. Zhurnal grazhdanskogo i ugolovnogo prava=Journal of Civil and Criminal
Law, 1878, books 5–6, pp. 1–58. (In Russ.).
49. Dark sides in the case of prison philanthropy. Golos=The Voice, 1877, no. 54. (In Russ.).
50. Uporov I.V. Penitentsiarnaya politika Rossii v XVIII–XX vv. Istoriko-pravovoi analiz tendentsii razvitiya [Penitentiary policy
of Russia in the 18th–20th century. Historical and legal analysis of development trends]. Saint Petersburg: Yurid. Tsentr
Press, 2004. 608 p.
51. Uporov I.V. Conditions of serving imprisonment in prisons of Russia in the first third of the 19th century: a legal aspect.
In: Nauka i sovremennost’: sb. materialov X Mezhdunar. nauch.-prakt. konf. 28 yanvarya 2018 g. [Science and modern
times: proceedings of the 10th international research-to-practice conference, January 28, 2018]. Moscow: Imperiya, 2018.
Pp. 5–9. (In Russ.).
52. Institutions for governing the provinces of the All-Russian Empire. November 7, 1775. In: Zakonodatel’stvo Ekateriny II
[Legislation of Catherine the Great]. In 2 volumes. Volume 1. Moscow: Yurid. Lit., 2000. Pp. 380–469. (In Russ.).
53. Fedotova I.N. Guardianship Society for Prisons: tasks, composition, practical activity (based on the materials of the
Vladimir province of the first half of the 19th century). Vestnik Vladimirskogo yuridicheskogo institute=Bulletin of Vladimir
Law Institute, 2006, no. 1, pp. 147–150. (In Russ.).19
54. Filippov M. Prisons in Russia. Russkaya starina=Russian Olden Times, 1873, vol. 8, pp. 61–63. (In Russ.).
55. Foinitskii I.Ya. Uchenie o nakazanii v svyazi s tyur’movedeniem [The doctrine of punishment in connection with prison
studies]. Saint Petersburg: Tip. Ministerstva putei soobshcheniya, 1889, 509 p.
56. Shumigorskii E.S. Vedomstvo uchrezhdenii Imperatritsy Marii (1797–1897) [Department of institutions of the Empress
Maria (1797–1897)]. Saint Petersburg: Tip. “Obshchestvennaya pol’za”, 1897. 32 p.
57. Shumigorskii E.S. Imperatorskoe Zhenskoe patrioticheskoe obshchestvo: istoricheskii ocherk (1812–1912) [Imperial
Women’s Patriotic Society. Historical essay. (1812–1912)]. Saint Petersburg: Gos. tip., 1912. 226 p.
nesovershennoletnikh pravonarushitelei v Rossiiskoi imperii [Education of juvenile delinquents in Russia. In 3 parts. Part 1.
Institutions for juvenile delinquents in the Russian Empire]. Moscow: Izd. Moskovskogo psikhologo-sotsial’nogo instituta;
Voronezh: izd-vo NPO “MODEK”, 2007. 400 p.
2. Belyaeva L.I. Patronat v Rossii (XIX - nachalo XX v.) [Patronage in Russia (19th – early 20th century)]. Second edition,
revised and supplemented. Voronezh. Voronezhskii institut MVD Rossii. 2001. 137 p.
3. Belyaeva L.I. Stanovlenie i razvitie teorii i praktiki preduprezhdeniya pravonarushenii nesovershennoletnikh: monografiya
[Formation and development of the theory and practice of prevention of juvenile delinquency. A monograph]. Moscow:
Akademiya upravleniya Rossii. 2014. 390 p.
4. Borodina E.V. Conditions of confinement of Russian prisoners between the 2nd half of the 17th – 1st quarter of the 18th
centuries (with reference to Ural and Western Siberian prisons). Izvestiya UrFU. Seriya 2. Gumanitarnye nauki=Bulletin of
Ural Federal University. Series 2 The Humanities, 2016, vol. 18, no. 3 (154), pp. 215–230. (In Russ.).
5. Varadinov N.V. Prisons before the establishment of the Guardianship Society for Prisons in them. Vestnik
blagotvoritel’nosti=Bulletin of Charity, 1870, no. 2, pp. 31–44. (In Russ.).
6. Vsemirnaya istoriya. Srednie veka. Vozrozhdenie i reformatsiya. Epokha prosveshcheniya [World History. The Middle
Ages. Renaissance and Reformation. The Age of Enlightenment]. Moscow: Khorvest. 2013. 871 p.
7. Gernet M.N. Istoriya tsarskoi tyur’my. V 5 t. T. 1 [History of the Tsar’s prison. In 5 volumes. Volume 1]. Moscow:
Gosyurizdat, 1960. Pp. 281¬–287.
8. Gogel’ S.K. Kurs ugolovnoi politiki v svyazi s sotsiologiei [Course of criminal policy in connection with sociology]. Saint
Petersburg: Tip. A.G.Rozena, 1910. 505 p. P.192.
9. Gogel’ S.K. Rol’ obshchestva v dele bor’by s prestupnost’yu [The role of society in the fight against crime]. Saint
Petersburg: Tip.t -va “Obshchestvennaya pol’za”, 1906. 383 p.
10. Detkov M.G. Nakazanie v tsarskoi Rossii. Sistema ego ispolneniya. M-vo vnutrennikh del RF [Punishment in Tsarist
Russia. The system of its execution. Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation]. Moscow: Inform.-izd.agenstvo
“Interpravo”. 1994g. 119 p. Pp. 36–37.
11. Zabelin A. On the question of improving prisons. Russkii vestnik=Russian Bulletin, 1863, no. 3, pp. 353–356. (In Russ.).
12. Znamenskii N. Notes on the Prison Guardianship Committee. Tobol’skie gubernskie vedomosti=News of Tobolsk
Governorate, 1859, no. 35. (In Russ.).
13. Izvlechenie iz otcheta o polozhenii i deistviyakh Obshchestva popechitel’nogo o tyur’makh, podnesennogo Gosudaryu
imperatoru za 1851 god [Extract from the 1851 report on the situation and actions of the Guardianship Society for Prisons,
presented to the Emperor]. Saint Petersburg: Tip. Opekunskogo soveta, 1852. 17 p. P. 4.
14. Imperatorskoe Chelovekolyubivoe obshchestvo. Kratkii ocherk razvitiya i deyatel’nosti obshchestva [The Imperial
Humane Society. A brief outline of the development and activities of the Society]. Petrograd, 1915.
15. Instruktsiya smotritelyu gubernskogo tyuremnogo zamka 1831 g. [Instructions to the caretaker of the provincial prison
in 1831]. Perm: Tipografiya Gubernskogo pravleniya, 1882. 30 p.
16. Krainskii D.V. Materialy k issledovaniyu istorii russkikh tyurem v svyazi s istoriei uchrezhdeniya Obshchestva
popechitel’nogo o tyur’makh [Materials for the study of the history of Russian prisons in connection with the history of the
establishment of the Guardianship Society for Prisons]. Chernigov: Tip. gub zemstva, 1912. 156 p. Pp. 7–55. (In Russ.).
17. A brief essay on the prison system and measures in the field of prison affairs for 1905–1910. Zhurnal Ministerstva
yustitsii=Journal of the Ministry of Justice, 1910, no. 7, p. 204. (In Russ.).
18. Luchinskii N.F. Pravila patronata nad tyuremnymi vypushchennikami [Rules of patronage over the people released from
prison]. Saint Petersburg: Tip. Odinochnoi tyur’my, 1912. 43 p.
19. Luchinskii N.F. Prison patronage. Tyuremnyi vestnik=Prison Bulletin, 1913, no. 10, pp. 1646–1685. (In Russ.).
20. Lyublinskii P.I. Mezhdunarodnye penitentsiarnye kongressy. Mezhdunarodnye s»ezdy ugolovnogo prava za 10 let
[International penitentiary congresses. International congresses for criminal law for 10 years]. Petrograd, 1915. P. 362.
21. Malinin F.N. Rol’ obshchestva v bor’be s prestupnost’yu: (Tyuremnyi patronat) [The role of society in the fight against
crime: (Prison patronage)]. Issue 1. Saint Petersburg: Tipo-lit. Saint Petersburg: tyur’my, 1906. 72 p.18
Н А У Ч Н О - П Р А К Т И Ч Е С К И Й Ж У Р Н А Л
22. Malinin F.N. Rol’ obshchestva v bor’be s prestupnost’yu: (Tyuremnyi patronat) [The role of society in the fight against
crime: (Prison patronage)]. Issue 2. Saint Petersburg: Tipo-lit. Saint Petersburg: tyur’my, 1906. 132 p.
23. Materialy po voprosu o preobrazovanii tyuremnoi chasti v Rossii [Materials on the transformation of prisons in Russia].
Saint Petersburg: Tip. M-va vn. del, 1865. 668 p.
24. Mezhdunarodnyi soyuz kriminalistov. Russkaya gruppa. (1899–1902) [International Union of Criminalists. Russian
group. (1899–1902)]. Saint Petersburg: Senatskaya tip., 1902. 577 p.
25. Nikitin V.N. Tyur’ma i ssylka. Istoricheskoe, zakonodatel’noe, administrativnoe i bytovoe polozhenie zaklyuchennykh,
peresyl’nykh, ikh detei i osvobozhdennykh iz-pod strazhi so vremen vozniknoveniya russkoi tyur’my do nashikh dnei.
1560–1880 [Prison and exile. Historical, legislative, administrative and domestic situation of prisoners, transit prisoners,
their children and those released from custody from the time of the emergence of the Russian prison to the present day.
1560–1880]. Saint Petersburg: Tip. G. Shparvart. 1880. Pp. 6–90.
26. The Charter of the Society for the Protection of Persons Released from Prison (1908). Tyuremnyi vestnik=Prison
Bulletin, 1908, no. 10, pp. 657–666. (In Russ.).
27. On the formation of charitable societies for prisoners of Russia. Vologodskie gubernskie vedomosti=News of the
Vologda Governorate, 1858, no. 37, 38, 39, 40. (In Russ.).
28. Ob uchrezhdenii v S-Peterburge Obshchestva popechitel’nogo o tyur’makh [About the establishment of the
Guardianship Society for Prisons in Saint Petersburg]. Saint Petersburg: tip. N. Grecha, 1819. 52 p.
29. Obzor desyatiletnei deyatel’nosti Glavnogo Tyuremnogo upravleniya (1879–1889) [Review of the ten-year work of the
Main Prison Administration (1879–1889)]. Saint Petersburg, 1889. 115 p.
30. Obzor deyatel’nosti Vysochaishe utverzhdennogo popechitel’stva nad arestantami S-Peterburgskoi ispravitel’noi
tyur’my za odinnadtsat’ let (1871–1882 goda) [Review of the activities of the Most Highly approved guardianship of the
prisoners of Saint Petersburg Correctional Prison for eleven years (1871–1882)]. Saint Petersburg: Tip. M.A Khana, 1883.
137 p.
31. Report of the Kishinev society for the benefit of persons released from places of detention. Bessarabskie gubernskie
vedomosti=Bessarabian Governorate News, 1879, no. 21. (In Russ.).
32. Ocherk deyatel’nosti soveta Imperatorskogo Chelovekolyubivogo obshchestva za 100 let (1816–1916) [An essay on
the activities of the Council of the Imperial Humane Society for 100 years (1816-1916)]. Petrograd: Gos.tip., 1916. 209 p.
33. Poznyshev S.V. Ocherki tyur’movedeniya [Essays on prison studies]. Second edition, revised and supplemented.
Moscow: Izd. G.A. Lemana i B.D. Pletneva, 1915. 295 p.
34. Poznyshev S.V. Uchenie o karatel’nykh merakh i mere nakazaniya [The doctrine of punitive measures and the measure
of punishment]. Moscow: Tip. Russkogo tovarishchestva pechatnogo i izdatel’skogo dela, 1908. 181 p.
35. Politseiskii listok Taganrogskogo gradonachal’stva [Police leaflet of the Taganrog City Administration]. 1864. No. 15.
36. Polnoe sobranie zakonov Rossiiskoi Imperii [The complete collection of laws of the Russian Empire]. Collection 1.
In 45 volumes. Volume XXXVI. 1819. Saint Petersburg: Tip. II Otdeleniya Sobstvennoi Ego Imperatorskogo Velichestva
Kantselyarii, 1830. 734 p.
37. Polnoe sobranie zakonov Rossiiskoi Imperii [The complete collection of laws of the Russian Empire]. Collection 2. In 55
volumes. Volume XXVI. Section 2. 1851. Saint Petersburg: Tip. II Otdeleniya Sobstvennoi Ego Imperatorskogo Velichestva
Kantselyarii, 1852. 803 p.
38. Polnoe sobranie zakonov Rossiiskoi Imperii [The complete collection of laws of the Russian Empire]. Collection 3. In 33
volumes. Volume XIII. 1893. Saint Petersburg: Gosudarstvennaya tipografiya, 1897. 1382 p.
39. Polnoe sobranie zakonov Rossiiskoi Imperii [The complete collection of laws of the Russian Empire]. Collection 3. In 33
volumes. Volume XV. 1895. Saint Petersburg: Gosudarstvennaya tipografiya, 1899. 1542 p.
40. Polnoe sobranie zakonov Rossiiskoi Imperii [The complete collection of laws of the Russian Empire]. Collection 3. In 33
volumes. Volume XXIX. Section 1. 1909. Saint Petersburg: Gosudarstvennaya tipografiya, 1912. 1053 p.
41. Polnoe sobranie zakonov Rossiiskoi Imperii [The complete collection of laws of the Russian Empire]. Collection 3. In 33
volumes. Volume XXXII. Section 1. 1912. Saint Petersburg: Gosudarstvennaya tipografiya, 1915. 1819 p.
42. Reshetkin P.K. S-Peterburgskii damskii popechitel’nyi o tyur’makh komitet i arestantskie deti [St. Petersburg Ladies’
Committee for the Care of Prisons and Prison Children]. Saint Petersburg: tip. Shredera, 1883. 60 p. P.17, 40.
43. Salomon A.P. Tyuremnoe delo v Rossii [Prison-related activities in Russia]. Saint Petersburg: Tip. Saint Petersburg:
tyur’my, 1898. 38 p. Pp.13–14.
44. Collection of resolutions of the International Prison Congresses of London (1872), Stockholm (1878), Rome (1885) and
Saint Petersburg (1890). Tyuremnyi vestnik=Prison Bulletin, 1894, no. 5, pp. 246–247. (In Russ.).
45. Semenov P.N. Istoricheskie svedeniya o Zhenskom patrioticheskom obshchestve (1812–1896) [Historical information
about Women’s Patriotic Society (1812–1896)]. Saint Petersburg: Tip. E.A. Evdokimova, 1896. 34 p.
46. Sergeevskii N. Nakazanie v russkom prave XVII v. [Punishment in Russian law of the 17th century]. Saint Petersburg:
Izd. A.F. Tsinzerling, 1887. 300 p.
47. Tal’berg D. Istoricheskii ocherk tyuremnoi reformy i sovremennye sistemy evropeiskikh tyurem [A historical overeview
of prison reform and modern European prison systems]. Kiev: Tip. Kievskogo universiteta, 1875. 72 p.
48. Tal’berg D. Guardianship Society for Prisons. Zhurnal grazhdanskogo i ugolovnogo prava=Journal of Civil and Criminal
Law, 1878, books 5–6, pp. 1–58. (In Russ.).
49. Dark sides in the case of prison philanthropy. Golos=The Voice, 1877, no. 54. (In Russ.).
50. Uporov I.V. Penitentsiarnaya politika Rossii v XVIII–XX vv. Istoriko-pravovoi analiz tendentsii razvitiya [Penitentiary policy
of Russia in the 18th–20th century. Historical and legal analysis of development trends]. Saint Petersburg: Yurid. Tsentr
Press, 2004. 608 p.
51. Uporov I.V. Conditions of serving imprisonment in prisons of Russia in the first third of the 19th century: a legal aspect.
In: Nauka i sovremennost’: sb. materialov X Mezhdunar. nauch.-prakt. konf. 28 yanvarya 2018 g. [Science and modern
times: proceedings of the 10th international research-to-practice conference, January 28, 2018]. Moscow: Imperiya, 2018.
Pp. 5–9. (In Russ.).
52. Institutions for governing the provinces of the All-Russian Empire. November 7, 1775. In: Zakonodatel’stvo Ekateriny II
[Legislation of Catherine the Great]. In 2 volumes. Volume 1. Moscow: Yurid. Lit., 2000. Pp. 380–469. (In Russ.).
53. Fedotova I.N. Guardianship Society for Prisons: tasks, composition, practical activity (based on the materials of the
Vladimir province of the first half of the 19th century). Vestnik Vladimirskogo yuridicheskogo institute=Bulletin of Vladimir
Law Institute, 2006, no. 1, pp. 147–150. (In Russ.).19
54. Filippov M. Prisons in Russia. Russkaya starina=Russian Olden Times, 1873, vol. 8, pp. 61–63. (In Russ.).
55. Foinitskii I.Ya. Uchenie o nakazanii v svyazi s tyur’movedeniem [The doctrine of punishment in connection with prison
studies]. Saint Petersburg: Tip. Ministerstva putei soobshcheniya, 1889, 509 p.
56. Shumigorskii E.S. Vedomstvo uchrezhdenii Imperatritsy Marii (1797–1897) [Department of institutions of the Empress
Maria (1797–1897)]. Saint Petersburg: Tip. “Obshchestvennaya pol’za”, 1897. 32 p.
57. Shumigorskii E.S. Imperatorskoe Zhenskoe patrioticheskoe obshchestvo: istoricheskii ocherk (1812–1912) [Imperial
Women’s Patriotic Society. Historical essay. (1812–1912)]. Saint Petersburg: Gos. tip., 1912. 226 p.
